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Overall, I want to provide better quality code and reduce the total cost of development and maintenance by increasing my productivity. With that, we go through two iterations of Steps 2 through 6 to meet those goals. Reduce code coupling. Step 2. Analyze previous J2. EE application architecture. If a J2. EE application framework is in place, we first must see how it can be improved. Obviously, starting from scratch doesn't make sense. For X1. 8p, let's look at a typical J2. EE Struts application example, shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. J2. EE Struts application architecture. Click on thumbnail to view full- sized image. Action calls XXXManager, and XXXManager calls XXXDAOs. In a typical J2. EE design that incorporates Struts, we have the following items: Http. Servlet or a Struts Action layer that handles Http. Request and Http. Response. Business logic layer. Data access layer. Domain layer that maps to the domain entities. What's wrong with the above architecture? The answer: tight coupling. The architecture works just fine if the logic in Action is simple. But what if you need to access many EJB (Enterprise Java. Beans) components? What if you need to access Web services from various sources? What if you need to access JMX (Java Management Extensions)? Does Struts have a tool that helps you look up those resources from the struts- config. Struts is meant to be a Web- tier- only framework. It is possible to code Actions as various clients and call the back end via the Service Locator pattern. However, doing so will mix two different types of code in Action's execute() method. The first type of code relates to the Web- tier Http. Request/Http. Response. For instance, code retrieves HTTP form data from Action. Form or Http. Request. You also have code that sets data in an HTTP request or HTTP session and forwards it to a JSP (Java. Server Pages) page to display. The second code type, however, relates to the business tier. In Action, you also invoke backend code such as EJBObject, a JMS (Java Message Service) topic, or even JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) datasources and retrieve the result data from the JDBC datasources. You may use the Service Locator pattern in Action to help you do the lookup. It's also possible for Action to reference only a local POJO (plain old Java object) xxx. Manager. Nevertheless, a backend object or xxx. Manager's method- level signatures are exposed to Action. That's how Action works, right? The nature of Action is a servlet that is supposed to care about how to take data in from HTML and set data out to HTML with an HTTP request/session. It also interfaces to the business- logic layer to get or update data from that layer, but in what form or protocol, Action could care less. As you can imagine, when a Struts application grows, you could end up with tight references between Actions (Web tier) and business managers (business tier) (see the red lines and arrows in Figure 1). To solve this problem, we can consider the open frameworks in the market—let them inspire our own thinking before we make an impact. Spring Framework comes on my radar screen. Step 3. Compare alternative frameworks. The core of Spring Framework is a concept called Bean. Factory, which is a good lookup factory implementation. It differs from the Service Locator pattern in that it has an Inversion- of- Control (Io. C) feature previously called Injection Dependency. The idea is to get an object by calling your Application. Context's get. Bean() method. This method looks up the Spring configuration file for object definitions, creates the object, and returns a java. Object object. It appears that only one object reference, Application. Context, must be referenced in the Action. However, that is not the case if we use it directly in the Action, because we must cast get. Bean()'s return object type back to the EJB/JMX/JMS/Web service client. Action still must be aware of the backend object at the method level. Tight coupling still exists. If we want to avoid an object- method- level reference, what else we can use? Naturally, service, comes to mind. Service is a ubiquitous but neutral concept. Anything can be a service, not necessarily just the so- called Web services. Action can treat a stateless session bean's method as a service as well. It can treat calling a JMS topic as consuming a service too. The way we design to consume a service can be very generic. With strategy formulated, danger spotted, and risk mitigated from the above analysis and comparison, we can spur our creativity and add a thin service broker layer to demonstrate the service- oriented concept. Step 4. Develop and refactor. To implement the service- oriented concept thinking into code, we must consider the following: The service broker layer will be added between the Web tier and the business tier. Conceptually, an Action calls a business service request only, which passes the request to a service router. The service router knows how to hook up business service requests to different service provider controllers or adapters by looking up a service mapping XML file, X1. The service provider controller has specific knowledge of finding and invoking the underlying business services. Here, business services could be anything from POJO, LDAP (lightweight directory access protocol), EJB, JMX, COM, and Web services to COTS (commercial off the shelf) product APIs. X1. 8p- config. xml should supply sufficient data to help the service provider controller get the job done. Leverage Spring for X1. Build service provider controllers incrementally. As you will see, the more service provider controllers implemented, the more integration power X1. Protect existing knowledge such as Struts, but keep eyes open for new things coming up. Now, we compare the Action code before and after applying the service- oriented X1. Struts Action without X1. Action. Forward execute(Action. Mapping mapping, Action. Form form, Http. Servlet. Request request, Http. Servlet. Response response)throws IOException, Servlet. Exception . Spring framework configuration. Click on thumbnail to view full- sized image. In Service. Request. Spring to find the service router and passes itself to the router: public Object service() . The key point is that the Action code doesn't need to know where or how user services are implemented. It only needs to be aware of the rules for consuming the service, such as pushing the parameters in the correct order and casting the right return type. Figure 3 shows the segment of X1. Service. Router will look up in X1. Figure 3. X1. 8p service mapping configuration. Click on thumbnail to view full- sized image. For user services, the service type is POJO. Service. Router creates a POJO service provider controller to handle the service request. This POJO's spring. Object. Id is user. Service. Manager. The POJO service provider controller uses Spring to look up this POJO with spring. Object. Id. Since user. Service. Manager points to class type X1. User. POJOManager, the User. POJOManager class is the application- specific logic code. Examine Service. Router. Object route(Service. Request service. Request) throws Exception . Read all the mapping from XML file or retrieve it from Factory. Config config = xxxx. Get service's type from config. Select the corresponding Router/Handler/Controller to deal with it. The Config object provides the Spring and X1. XML configuration lookup. As long as valid data can be retrieved, it's up to you how to implement the lookup mechanism. Assuming a POJO manager, Test. 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